Connect & Check
Define three concepts and explain why a pattern is not automatically a cause.
Explicit teaching
Pattern is not explanation
A table can show that one group has a higher or lower result. It does not, by itself, tell us why that pattern exists.
The denominator matters
A percentage only makes sense when we know who is included. Compare like with like before explaining a gap.
Time matters
A one-year gap may be unusual, stable or changing. Trend evidence is stronger than a single snapshot.
Groups are not homogeneous
Class, gender, ethnicity, region, school type and prior attainment can overlap. Avoid treating a group average as a whole group story.
Choose your route
Access route
Highlight the key concepts and write one correct definition.
Scaffold route
Complete the chain: factor -> mechanism -> outcome -> limitation.
Core route
Write one developed explanation without sentence starters.
Stretch route
Compare two explanations and reach a qualified judgement.
Exam practice
Outline and explain two reasons why sociologists must be cautious when interpreting attainment gaps. [10 marks]